Immersive sound image with circular arrangements of transducers spaced in equal segments

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33871/vortex.2024.12.9752

Keywords:

Sonologia, Gravação de som, Paisagem sonora, Espacialização sonora, Áudio imersivo

Abstract

This article presents the development of research on multichannel immersive audio recording and reproducion from 2016 to 2020 conducted at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp (Brazil), which resulted in circular arrangements of transducers (microphones and speakers) spaced in equal segments. Similar technology was previously developed by sound engineer Michael Williams, who published his findings in 1991.  Despite following different paths, both studies reached similar conclusions.  Acknowledging Williams’ contributions, the article details the Brazilian research journey, highlighting the phenomena involved and the innovations achieved. Key developments include an acoustic simulation and auralization tool applicable to arts, communication, bioacoustics, ecology, and environmental monitoring. Finally, the article features spatial audio musical compositions demonstrating the expressive potential of these new technologies.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Jose Augusto Mannis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas

Jose Augusto Mannis: Composer, electroacoustic performer, radio producer, researcher in music documentation, acoustics and sound engineering. He is a professor at the Department of Music/IA/Unicamp. His compositions cover instrumental music, electroacoustics, soundtracks for video, film, theater and radio art. He has worked with Ensemble de L'Itinéraire (Paris), Institut National de l'Audiovisuel - INA/GRM - Groupe de Recherches Musicales, La Grande Fabrique (Rouen), Espace Musical (Puce Muse) (Paris), Núcleo Hespérides-Música das Américas (São Paulo). Since 2010 she has been developing radio art and sound ecology projects with Janete El Haouli. He currently coordinates the Laboratory of Acoustics and Sound Arts - LASom/IA/Unicamp, and the Sound and Creative Processes Study Group at the Institute of Advanced Studies-IdEA/Unicamp and CNPq. 

Igor Abdo Aguilar, Universidade Estadual de Campinas

Composer, electroacoustic performer, sound designer for digital games, graduated in Music from Unicamp. He is currently doing his master's degree in the Postgraduate Program in Music/IA/Unicamp, working on research in sonology, acoustics and sound engineering at the Laboratory of Acoustics and Sound Arts - LASom/IA/Unicamp. His compositions cover instrumental music, electroacoustics and soundtracks for digital games. He is a member of the Sound and Creative Processes Study Group at the Institute of Advanced Studies - IdEA/Unicamp and CNPq.

Amanda Chang Rodrigues, Universidade Estadual de Campinas

[Amanda] Chang Rodrigues is a composer, live performer, and synthesist with a degree in Social Communication from Salgado de Oliveira University and an MBA in Business Management from UFRJ. She specializes in sound synthesis applied to modular synthesizers and is currently pursuing a master's degree at Unicamp under the supervision of José Augusto Mannis, with a focus on sound narrative and spatial movement. Internationally recognized, Amanda has performed at Rock in Rio and conducted workshops on live electronics at the Amsterdam Dance Event (ADE). She also collaborates with Echio, a platform dedicated to artistic mentoring. 

References

A BRIEF history of surround sound. KEF. Disponível em: <https://us.kef.com/blogs/news/a-brief-history-of-surround-sound?srsltid=AfmBOooYRpY4tM6UwMiRjzlm86HVnAzyk91h5FbP3CpBeJy03t4MbBVx>. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2024.

AES PARIS 2016 presenter or author: Michael Williams. 140th International AES Convention. 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.aes.org/events/140/presenters/?ID=4376>. Acesso em: 22 set. 2024.

ATAL, Bishnu S.; HILL, Murray; SCHROEDER, Manfred R. Apparent sound source translator. USA United States Patent Office, 1962. Disponível em: <https://patents.google.com/patent/US3236949A/en>. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2024.

BALLOU, Glen. M. Handbook for sound engineers: the new audio cyclopedia. 2nd ed. Carmel - Indiana (USA): SAMS, 1991.

BASKIND, Alexis et al. Binaural and transaural spatialization techniques in multichannel 5.1 production. In: TONMEISTERTAGUNG – VDT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION, 27, 2012, Cologne. Anais. Cologne: Verband Deutscher Tonmeister e.V., 2012. p. 1-10. Disponível em: <https://hal.science/hal-01247648/document>. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2024.

BERKHOUT, Augustinus J. A holographic approach to acoustic control. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, v. 36, n. 12, p. 977-995, 1988. Disponível em: https://secure.aes.org/forum/pubs/journal/?elib=5117. Acesso em: 5 nov. 2024.

BERWICK, Nathan; LEE, Hyunkook. Spatial unmasking effect on speech reception threshold in the median plane. Applied Sciences. v. 10, n. 15, article 5257, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343324613_Spatial_Unmasking_Effect_on_Speech_Reception_Threshold_in_the_Median_Plane/references#fullTextFileContent. Acesso em: 28 out. 2024.

BLAUERT, Jens. Spatial hearing: the psychophysics of human sound localization. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.

BLUMLEIN, Alan Dower. Improvements in and relating to sound-transmission, sound-recording and sound-reproducing systems. United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office, 14 dec. 1931. Disponível em: <https://patents.google.com/patent/GB394325A/en>. Acesso em: 26 ago. 2024.

BRIXEN, Eddy B. Stereo recording techniques and setups. [2024]. Disponível em: <https://www.dpamicrophones.com/mic-university/stereo-recording-techniques-and-setups>. Acesso em: 24 ago. 2024.

CHANG, Ed. Gesang der jünglinge. Stockhausen: sounds in space, n. 8. Jan. 2015. Disponível em: <https://stockhausenspace.blogspot.com/2015/01/opus-8-gesang-der-junglinge.html>. Acesso em: 26 ago. 2024.

CONDAMINES, Roland. Stéreophonie: cours de relief sonore théorique et pratique. Paris: Masson et CNET-ENST, 1978.

DICKREITER, Michael. Tonmeister technology: recording environments, sound sources and microphone techniques. New York: Gemmer Enterprises Inc., 1989.

DUMMY head. Neumann.Berlin. 2024. Disponível em: <https://www.neumann.com/en-us/products/microphones/ku-100>. Acesso em: 5 nov. 2024.

FARIA, Régis Rossi Alves. Auralização em ambientes audiovisuais imersivos. 2005. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia) - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2005.

FELLOT, Dominique. Précis d’électro-acoustique: prise de son et reproduction. Les Ulis (France): EDP Sciences, 2007.

HAAS, Helmut. The influence of a single echo on the audibility of speech. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, v. 20, n. 2, p. 146-159, 1972. Disponível em: <https://www.freestompboxes.org/viewtopic.php?t=31792>. Acesso em: 16 set. 2024.

INTRODUCTION to Ambisonics – 360 degree audio. PathPartner Technology. Apr. 4, 2017. Disponível em: <https://medium.com/@PathPartner/introduction-to-ambisonics-360-degree-audio-d92c5fe20a97>. Acesso em: 5 nov. 2024.

ITU - INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION. Recommendation ITU-R BS.775-4: multichannel stereophonic sound system with and without accompanying picture. Geneva, 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.775-4-202212-I!!PDF-E.pdf>. Acesso em: 23 ago. 2024.

JAHANA, C. Junu; SINITH, M. S.; LALU, P. P. Direction of arrival estimation using microphone array. In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROELECTRONICS, SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS - ICMSS, 4, 2021, Kollan (India). Anais. New York: IEEE, 2021. p. 1-6. Disponível em: <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9673617>. Acesso em: 10 nov. 2024.

KATZ, Brian F. G.; POIRIER-QUINOT, David; LYZWA, Jean-Marc. La Vierge 2020: reconstructing a virtual concert performance through historic auralisation of Notre-Dame Cathedral. In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 3D AUDIO (I3DA), 2021, Bologna. Anais. New York: IEEE, 2021. p. 1-10. Disponível em: <https://hal.science/hal-03371681/file/I3DA_2021_paper_2%20(2).pdf>. Acesso em: 10 nov. 2024.

KUTTRUFF, Heinrich. Acoustics: an introduction. London: Taylor & Francis, 2007.

LEE, Hyunkook. Capturing 360◦ audio using an equal segment microphone array (ESMA). Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, v. 67, n. 1/2, p. 13-26, jan./feb. 2019. Disponível em: <https://aes2.org/publications/elibrary-page/?id=19883>. Acesso em: 5 nov. 2024.

LÓPEZ, Jose J. WFS fundamentals. 2007. Disponível em: <https://personales.upv.es/jjlopez/WFS.html>. Acesso em: 5 nov. 2024.

LYZWA, Jean-Marc. Réflexion sur la prise de son et la post-production en 5.1. Paris: Service audiovisuel-CNSMDP, 2006. Disponível em: <https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.conservatoiredeparis.fr/sites/default/files/Recherche-Editions/CNSMDP_post-prod-multicanal5-1.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiS0oiylrmIAxVArZUCHQNtFNcQFnoECBIQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2mxCmrTOsx_-DTHDXRMhhu>. Acesso em: 15 set. 2024.

LYZWA, Jean-Marc. Prise de son et restitution multicanal en 5.1. Problématique d’une œuvre spatialisée: Répons - Pierre Boulez. Paris: Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris, 2003. Disponível em: <https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.conservatoiredeparis.fr/sites/default/files/Recherche-Editions/CNSMDP_repons-boulez.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiAjvbNntSJAxUnq5UCHUnkLfEQFnoECBQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2sUdddouqpDYblETMRCOBQ>. Acesso em: 15 set. 2024.

MANNIS, José Augusto. Sistema de gravação e reprodução de áudio multicanal com imagem sonora horizontal em 360o aplicado a música, artes sonoras e bioacústica. Brasília: CNPq, 2020. Disponível em: <https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UpJJaROH1_HQZPh67dQaJAQP7ZOhnXiN/view?usp=drive_link>. Acesso em: 26 ago. 2024.

MANNIS, José Augusto; EL HAOULI, Janete. Paisagem sonora do Parque Ecológico de Gunma, gravação de som. Santa Bárbara, PA: out. 2019.

MASIERO, Bruno; FELS, Janina; VORLÄNDER, Michael. Review of the crosstalk cancellation filter technique. In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SPATIAL AUDIO - ICSA, 2011, Detmold (Germany). Anais. Köln: Verband Deutscher Tonmeister (VDT), 2011. p. 1-5. Disponível em: <https://www2.users.ak.tu-berlin.de/akgroup/ak_pub/seacen/2011/Masiero_2011_P2_Review_of_the_crosstalk_cancellation_filter_technique.pdf>. Acesso em: 10 nov. 2024.

MESSONNIER, Jean-Christophe; LYZWA, Jean-Marc; LING, Alexis. Méthodes de prise de son multicanal: objets. Cahier Louis Lumière, Saint-Denis, n. 15, p. 114-125, sep. 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.ens-louis-lumiere.fr/la-recherche/publications-cahiers-louis-lumiere/74-2/>. Acesso em: 25 ago. 2024.

MEYER, Jürgen. Akustik und musikalishe aufführungspraxis. Frankfurt: Verlag das

Musikinstrument, 1980.

MICROPHONES techniques for recording. Shure. 2014. Disponível em: <https://www.shure.com/damfiles/default/global/documents/publications/en/performance-production/microphone_techniques_for_recording_english.pdf-bb0469316afdb6118691d2f3f5e3ff01.pdf>. Acesso em: 24 ago. 2024.

NEUMANN. Production expert: Neumann app to check SRA - Recording Angle Calculator. Neumann, 8 mar. 2018. Disponível em: <https://apps.apple.com/us/app/recording-tools/id576702914>. Acesso em: 10 nov. 2024.

NICOLAS Party: talking heads – immersive sound installation. University Oxford. Feb. 2018. Disponível em: <https://empres.music.ox.ac.uk/nicloas-party-talking-heads-immersive-sound-installation>. Acesso em: 16 set. 2024.

PAUL, Stephan. Binaural recording technology: a historical review and possible future developments. Acta Acustica United with Acustica, v. 95, n. 5, p. 767-788, set. 2009. Disponível em: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233582452_Binaural_Recording_Technology_A_Historical_Review_and_Possible_Future_Developments>. Acesso em: 10 nov. 2024.

PÉRIAUX, Bergame; OHL, Jean-Luc; THÉVENOT, Patrick. Le son multicanal: de la production à la diffusion du son 5.1, 3D et binaural. Paris: Dunod, 2015.

PICKETT, David. Pantophonic recording. Dec. 3, 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.fugato.com/pickett/pantoph.shtml>. Acesso em: 5 nov. 2024.

PORRES, Alexandre Torres. ELSE - EL locus solus' externals for Pure Data. 2024. Disponível em: <https://github.com/porres/pd-else>. Acesso em: 10 abr. 2024.

PUCKETTE, Miller. Pure Data. Los Angeles Pure Data Community. 1996. Disponível em: <https://puredata.info>. Acesso em: 15 set. 2024.

ROSSING, Thomas D. (ed.). Springer handbook of acoustics. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 2014.

SBA – SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ANATOMIA. Terminologia anatômica. São Paulo : Ed. Manole, 2001.

SCHOEN, Timothy. Plugdata: a visual programming environment for audio experimentation, prototyping and education. Disponível em: <https://plugdata.org/>. Acesso em: 15 set. 2024.

SHANKLEMAN, Marin. Early stereo recordings restored. BBC News. 2008. Disponível em: <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7537782.stm>. Acesso em: 26 ago. 2024.

SLOTTE, Benedict. Surround recording using coincident and spaced microphones combined with 2-to-3 upmixing. In: JOINT BALTIC-NORDIC ACOUSTICS MEETING, 2004, Mariehamn, Åland (Finland) Anais. Espoo (Finland): Acoustical Society of Finland, 2004. Disponível em: <http://legacy.spa.aalto.fi/bnam04/webprosari/papers/o48.pdf>. Acesso em: 5 jun. 2024.

SMALLEY, Denis. Space-form and the acousmatic image. Organised Sound, v. 12, n. 1, p. 35-58, Apr. 2007. Disponível em: <https://beyondlistening.myblog.arts.ac.uk/files/2023/03/Space-form-and-the-acousmatic-image.pdf>. Acesso em: 10 nov. 2024

SOUNDSCAPE design. Hydrock, 2024. Disponível em: <https://www.hydrock.com/what-we-do/soundscape-design>. Acesso em: 15 set. 2024.

SOUZA, Fliblio Ferreira de. A percepção e a espacialização da música eletroacústica no cinema, em surround 5.1: um estudo de caso. 2023. Tese (Doutorado em Música) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2023.

THE TELEPHONE at the Paris Opera. Scientific American, v. 45, n. 27, p. 422-423, 1881. Disponível em: <https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024538491&seq=5>. Acesso em: 10 nov. 2024.

TORICK, Emil. Highlights in the history of multichannel sound. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, v. 46, n. 1/2, p. 27-31, 1 feb. 1998. Disponível em: https://issuu.com/disclord/docs/multichannel-history-torrick/1. Acesso em: 10 nov. 2024.

USP-LSI - UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO - LABORATÓRIO DE SISTEMAS INTEGRÁVEIS. O projeto AUDIENCE. Disponível em: <https://www.lsi.usp.br/interativos/neac/audience/audience.html#0>. Acesso em: 10 set. 2024.

VIELLIARD, Jacques. Cantos de aves do Brasil. Campinas: SPSociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia/ Unicamp , 1995. 1 CD.

WHAT is Ambisonics?. University Oxford. [2024]. Disponível em: <https://intothesoundfield.music.ox.ac.uk/what-is-ambisonics>. Acesso em: 20 ago. 2024.

WILLIAMS, Michael. Unified theory of microphone systems for stereophonic sound recording. AES Preprint 2466. 1987. 41 p. Disponível em: <https://www.williamsmmad.com/Papers/Papers.html>. Acesso em: 13 set. 2024.

WILLIAMS, Michael. Microphone arrays for natural multiphony. AES Preprint 3157. 1991. 13 p. 1991. Disponível em: <https://www.williamsmmad.com/Papers/Papers.html>. Acesso em: 13 set. 2024.

WILLIAMS, Michael. Multichannel sound recording practice using microphone arrays. In: AES INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTICHANNEL AUDIO, 24, 2003, Banff (Canada). New York: AES, 2003. 16 p. Disponível em: <https://aes2.org/publications/elibrary-page/?id=12287>. Acesso em: 2 nov. 2024.

ZUMER, Javier. Figuring out: ambisonics. Javier Zumer Sound Design. Aug. 30, 2021. Disponível em: <https://javierzumer.com/blog/2021/8/30/figuring-out-ambisonics>. Acesso em: 5 nov. 2024.

Published

2025-01-22

How to Cite

Mannis, J. A., Aguilar, I. A., & Rodrigues, A. C. (2025). Immersive sound image with circular arrangements of transducers spaced in equal segments. Vortex Music Journal, 12, 1–46. https://doi.org/10.33871/vortex.2024.12.9752

Issue

Section

Dossier “New Sound Ecologies”