Matando o corpo negro
necropolítica e hierarquias raciais nos jogos digitais
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.33871/19805071.2024.31.2.9615Mots-clés :
videogames, antinegritude, necropolítica, morte Negra, raçaRésumé
O objetivo deste ensaio é explorar os padrões de antinegritude nos jogos contemporâneos. Os videogames funcionam como locais de lógicas necropolíticas que utilizam a morte negra para impulsionar narrativas. Mais preocupante ainda é o fato de que esses jogos podem dar sentido a desejos mais amplos de supremacia colonial branca, tentando apagar e destruir seu passado racialmente problemático. Observações etnográficas também indicam que o ambiente dos jogos reflete uma lógica carcerária, buscando vigiar, policiar e criminalizar a negritude. Nessas condições, é imperativo examinar como a continuidade da instituição da escravidão dentro das práticas policiais está ativamente incorporada nas práticas técnicas e digitais, levando a condições carcerárias para aqueles submetidos ao seu poder, e os jogos oferecem um caminho para analisar essa tendência.
Téléchargements
Références
Bonilla, Yarimar, and Jonathan Rosa. “#Ferguson: Digital Protest, Hashtag Ethnography, and the Racial Politics of Social Media in the United States.” American Ethnologist 42, no. 1 (February 2015): 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12112.
Day, Doris, vocalist. “Dream a Little Dream of Me.” By Fabian Andre, Wilbur Schwandt, and Gus Kahn. Track 4 on Day by Night. Released November 11, 1957. Columbia CL 1053, 331⁄3 rpm.
Dillon, Stephen. “Possessed by Death: The Neoliberal-Carceral State, Black Feminism, and the Afterlife of Slavery.” Radical History Review 2012, no. 112 (Winter 2012): 113– 25. https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-1416196.
Drakulich, Kevin, Kevin H. Wozniak, John Hagan, and Devon Johnson. “Race and Polic- ing in the 2016 Presidential Election: Black Lives Matter, the Police, and Dog Whis- tle Politics.” Criminology 58, no. 2 (May 2020): 370–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745- 9125.12239.
Fletcher, Akil. “Black Gamer’s Refuge: Finding Community within the Magic Circle of Whiteness.” In The Routledge Companion to Media Anthropology, edited by Elisabetta Costa, Patricia G. Lange, Nell Haynes, and Jolynna Sinanan, 368–78. London: Rout- ledge, 2022.
Goard, Javon. “Gamifying Blackness: A Discussion on Black Gamers and Black Portrayals in Contemporary Videogames.” In “Racism and Sexism in Virtual Comic and Gaming Environments,” edited by Rhys M. Hall and David G. Embrick, 42–53. Special issue, Sociation 22, no. 1 (Winter/Spring 2023).
Gray, Kishonna L. Intersectional Tech: Black Users in Digital Gaming. Baton Rouge: Loui- siana State University Press, 2020.
Gray, Kishonna L. and Krysten Stein. “‘We “Said Her Name” and Got Zucked’: Black Women Call- ing-out the Carceral Logics of Digital Platforms.” Gender and Society 35, no. 4 (August 2021): 538–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432211029393.
Gregory, Anthony. “Policing Jim Crow America: Enforcers’ Agency and Structural Trans- formations.” Law and History Review 40, no. 1 (February 2022): 91–122. https://doi. org/10.1017/s0738248021000456.
Hatt, Michael. “Sculpting and Lynching: The Making and Unmaking of the Black Citi- zen in Late Nineteenth-Century America.” Oxford Art Journal 24, no. 1 (2001): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxartj/24.1.1.
Jackson II, Ronald L. Scripting the Black Masculine Body: Identity, Discourse, and Racial Politics in Popular Media. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006.
Johnson, Jasmine. Review of Blackpentecostal Breath: The Aesthetics of Possibility, by Ashon Crawley. Dance Research Journal 49, no. 2 (Summer 2017): 109–11. https://doi. org/10.1017/S0149767717000274.
Klarman, Michael J. “How Brown Changed Race Relations: The Backlash Thesis.” Jour- nal of American History 81, no. 1 (June 1994): 81–118. https://doi.org/10.2307/2080994.
Kunzelman, Cameron. “Destroyed in the Cut.” Bullet Points Monthly, July 22, 2020. https://bulletpointsmonthly.com/2020/07/22/destroyed-in-the-cut-the-last-of-us-part-ii.
Kunzelman, Cameron. The World Is Born From Zero: Understanding Speculation and Video Games. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2022.
Kuo, Rachel, and Alice Marwick. “Critical Disinformation Studies: History, Power, and Politics.” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review 2, no. 4 (August 2021): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-76.
Leonard, David. “Live in Your World, Play in Ours: Race, Video Games, and Consuming the Other.” SIMILE: Studies in Media and Information Literacy Education 3, no. 4 (No- vember 2003): 1–9.
Leonard, David. “Unsettling the Military Entertainment Complex: Video Games and a Pedagogy of Peace.” SIMILE: Studies in Media and Information Literacy Education 4, no. 4 (Novem- ber 2004): 1–8.
Mbembe, Achille. “Necropolitics.” Translated by Libby Meintjes. Public Culture 15, no. 1 (Winter 2003): 11–40. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-15-1-11.
Mowatt, Rasul A. “Black Lives as Snuff: The Silent Complicity in Viewing Black Death.” Biography 41, no. 4 (Fall 2018): 777–806. https://doi.org/10.1353/bio.2018.0079.
Ono, Kent A. Contemporary Media Culture and the Remnants of a Colonial Past. New York: Peter Lang, 2009.
Ore, Ersula J. “Twenty-First Century Discourses of American Lynching.” Critical Discourse Studies 20, no. 5 (2022): 508–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2022.2090978.
Puwar, Nirmal. Space Invaders: Race, Gender and Bodies Out of Place. Oxford: Berg, 2004. Reddi, Madhavi, Rachel Kuo, and Daniel Kreiss. “Identity Propaganda: Racial Narratives and Disinformation.” In “Farm Media,” edited by Zenia Kish and Benjamin Peters, special issue, New Media and Society 25, no. 8 (August 2023): 2201–18. https://doi.
org/10.1177/14614448211029293. First published online in 2021.
Shakur, Assata. “Women in Prison: How We Are.” The Black Scholar 9, no. 7 (April 1978):
–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00064246.1978.11414002.
Spielmann, Nathalie, Susan Dobscha, and L. J. Shrum. “Brands and Social Justice Move-
ments: The Effects of True versus Performative Allyship on Brand Evaluation.” Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 8, no. 1 (January 2023): 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1086/722697.
Weitzer, Ronald. “Theorizing Racial Discord over Policing Before and After Ferguson.”
Justice Quarterly 34, no. 7 (2017): 1129–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2017.136
Williams, Sherri. “#SayHerName: Using Digital Activism to Document Violence against
Black Women.” Feminist Media Studies 16, no. 5 (2016): 922–25. https://doi.org/10.10
/14680777.2016.1213574.
Zack, Naomi. White Privilege and Black Rights: The Injustice of U.S. Police Racial Profiling
and Homicide. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015.
Téléchargements
Publiée
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
Os autores detém os direitos autorais, ao licenciar sua produção na RevistaCientífica/FAP, que está licenciada sob uma licença Creative Commons. Ao enviar o artigo, e mediante o aceite, o autor cede seus direitos autorais para a publicação na referida revista.
Os leitores podem transferir, imprimir e utilizar os artigos publicados na revista, desde que haja sempre menção explícita ao(s) autor (es) e à Revista Científica/FAP não sendo permitida qualquer alteração no trabalho original. Ao submeter um artigo à Revista Científica/FAP e após seu aceite para publicação os autores permitem, sem remuneração, passar os seguintes direitos à Revista: os direitos de primeira edição e a autorização para que a equipe editorial repasse, conforme seu julgamento, esse artigo e seus metadados aos serviços de indexação e referência.
